Category Archives: life philosophy

Is the autonomous individual ceasing to exist?

Society consists of a series of bubbles.  A century or so ago, your bubble was largely defined by where you lived, your village or neighbourhood, because few people travelled any significant distance and you probably knew everyone living around you.  A decade or so ago, your bubble was probably defined by the newspaper you read or the radio/TV channels you preferred [see ‘You’re all weird!’ on February 8th, 2017]. Today social media defines bubbles that are geographically widely-dispersed.  This both fractures local communities and gives a global reach to influencers on social media.  Some social media ‘dictates what you shall think, it creates an ideology for you, it tries to govern your emotional life’.  The quote is from George Orwell’s 1941 essay, Literature and Totalitarianism.  He goes on ‘And as far as possible it isolates you from the outside world, it shuts you up in an artificial universe in which you have no standards of comparison.’  Of course, he is writing about totalitarianism not social media but his words seem sinisterly appropriate to the apparent intention of some social media influencers and platforms that promote alternative narratives which are not consistent with reality.  Orwell suggested that if totalitarianism becomes world-wide and permanent then literature, the truthful expression of what one person thinks and feels, could not survive.  Despite Orwell’s fear that he was living ‘in an age in which the autonomous individual is ceasing to exist’, totalitarianism did not abolish freedom of thought in the 1940s.  Now in the 2020s, we have to ensure that social media does not become a modern instrument of totalitarianism, suffocating freedom of thought, isolating large sections of society from reality, dictating ideology and governing emotional life. We need to think for ourselves and encourage others to do the same.  In their book, ‘Radical Uncertainty – Decision-making for an Unknowable Future‘, John Kay and Mervyn King repeatedly ask ‘What is going on here?’ as a device for thinking about and reviewing the evidence before reaching a conclusion.  It is a simple device that we could all usefully deploy in 2025. Happy New Year!

Sources:

George Orwell, Literature and Totalitarianism, 1941 available at https://hackneybooks.co.uk/books/64/1006/LiteratureAndTotalitarianism.html

Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, The feeling of freedom, FT Weekend, 7th & 8th December 2024.

John Kay and Mervyn King, Radical Uncertainty – Decision-making for an Unknowable Future, Little Brown Book Group, 2020.

Emergence of ideas leading to a lack of deep insights

Decorative imageIn Surrealism, which emerged after World War 1, artists attempted to allow the subconscious mind to express itself and resulted in illogical montages or dreamlike scenes and ideas.  Some surrealists championed the subconscious because they thought it would release society from the oppressive rationality of capitalism.  Anna Wiele Kjaer of the University of Copenhagen has suggested that instead our subconscious has been colonised by capitalism and is being shaped the endless of streams of disconnected images flowing from our phones, which are as incongruous as any surrealist montage.  To decolonise our subconscious and to replenish our creativity many of us need a digital detox involving time away from our electronic devices [see ‘Digital detox with deep vacation’ on August 10th, 2016] allowing our brains to switch into mind wandering mode for long uninterrupted periods [see ‘Mind wandering’ on September 3rd, 2014].  Cormac McCarthy has described how ideas struggle against their own realisation and come with their own innate scepticism that acts like a steering mechanism for their emergence from our subconscious.  He also suggests that all ideas come to an end when they lose lustre becoming a tool, perhaps as a theory, strategy or plan, and you can no longer entertain the illusion that they hold some deep insight into reality.  Many of my thoughts never coalesce into an emergent idea but remain as illogical and disconnected as a surrealist montage and the few that do emerge don’t provide deep insights into reality that I recognise.

Sources:

Anya Harrison, Another Surrealism, 2022

Cormac McCarthy, The Passenger, Pan MacMillan, 2023.

Jackie Wullschläge, Surrealism at 100: does it still have the power to disrupt?, FT Weekend, 27 January 2024.

Image: Ceramic tile by Pablo Picasso in museum in Port de Sóller Railway Station, Mallorca.

Meaningless on holiday

Decorative photograph of ruins of Cornish tin mineI spent a substantial proportion of last month enjoying a summer holiday in Cornwall walking sections of the South-west Coast Path (see ‘The Salt Path’ on August 14th, 2019), sampling local beers and reading books.  The books were mainly fiction.  So it should be no surprise that a recurring theme in the books was relationships because no one exists independent of their relationships with others.  This was very apparent in the first two books I read in Cornwall: ‘River East River West’ by Aube Rey Lescure about the interface of modern Chinese culture with American colonialism and exceptionalism in the context of parenthood and teenagers growing up; and in ‘The Crooked Plow’’’ by Itamar Vieira Junior, a horrific, heart-warming and, for me educational, family saga in the face of brutal exploitation of former slave communities in Brazil.  However, as I read deeper into the pile of holiday reading, a theme of meaninglessness started to emerge.  A hint appeared in ‘Scaffolding’ by Lauren Elkin when one character says, ‘I have always taken great comfort in the chaos of the universe, that nothing is meant to be and History means nothing but what we decide on its behalf.’  It started to crystallize, at least in my mind, when I read ‘How Life Works’ by Philip Ball who referred to Wienberg’s version of a universe without purpose or meaning before discussing at length that there is no blueprint or plan for life and that our genome contains the instructions that allow our cells to make between eighty thousand and four hundred thousand proteins but our cells decide when,  which and what quantity of each protein to produce as a consequence of their relationships with their neighbours and the environment.  However, in ‘Orbital’ by Samantha Harvey, a novel set in the space station orbiting the Earth, the meaningless of our lives is boldly stated: ‘We matter greatly and not at all. To reach some pinnacle of human achievement only to discover that your achievements are next to nothing and that to understand this is the greatest achievement of any life, which itself is nothing, and also much more than everything.’  This sentiment was re-iterated succinctly in ‘Your absence is darkness’ by Jon Kalman Stefansson, as ‘We come out of nowhere, disappear into nothingness, and, in the end, everything is erased‘.  There was a brief respite when I read ‘Slow Productivity’ by Cal Newman who encourages us to give ourselves time to produce something great, citing Isaac Newton’s ‘Principia’ and ‘On the Road’ by Jack Kerouac; however, I hardly expect to leave such works for future generations so I was not much cheered.  The meaninglessness of life reappeared in ‘Baumgartner’ by Paul Auster, in which a semi-retired professor is writing an essay about Kierkegaard, the existentialist philosopher, and describes his obligation as a professor ‘to ask good questions about what it means to be alive, even if he knows he will never be able to answer them.’  In the last book I managed to finish before we left Cornwall, ‘Close to Home’ by Michael Magee, a leading character decides to steal a copy of Knut Hamsun’s ‘Hunger’ from a bookshop because it was an existential novel with an afterword by Paul Auster, whose last novel I had just read, and foreword by Jo Nesbo, who’s crime thriller, Redeemer, I had read earlier in the holiday but had not yet managed to weave into this post! Perhaps someone had carefully selected my summer reading to ensure that I got the message that all victories are trivial, all wealth is valueless and that happiness is to be found in our relationships with others.  Alternatively, all of these books were published in the last twelve months so maybe all of the authors were possessed by sense of meaninglessness induced by the current geo-political situation.

BTW the only book I read on holiday that I did not manage to mention above was ‘The Premonition’ by Banana Yoshimoto – a beautifully written short novel about relationships and loneliness.

The Books:

River East River West’ by Aube Rey Lescure, Duckworth Books, 2024.

The Crooked Plow’ by Itamar Vieira Junior, translated by Johnny Lorenz, Verso Books, 2023.

Scaffolding’ by Lauren Elkin, Penguin Books, 2024.

How Life Works’ by Philip Ball, Pan MacMillan, 2024.

Orbital’ by Samantha Harvey, Grove Atlantic Publishing, 2024.

Your absence is darkness’ by Jon Kalman Stefansson, translated by Philip Roughton, Hachette, 2024.

Slow Productivity’ by Cal Newman, Penguin Books, 2024.

Baumgartner’ by Paul Auster, Faber & Faber, 2024.

Close to Home’ by Michael Magee, Penguin Books, 2024.

Redeemer’ by Jo Nesbo, Penguin Books, 2022.

The Premonition’ by Banana Yoshimoto, translated Asa Yoneda, Faber & Faber, 2023.

Imagination is your superpower

About a year ago I wrote an update on the hype around AI [see ‘Update on position of AI on hype curve: it cannot dream’ on July 26th, 2023].  Gartner’s hype curve has a ‘peak of inflated expectations’, followed by a ‘trough of disillusionment’ then an upward ‘slope of enlightenment’ leading to a ‘plateau of productivity’ [see ‘Hype cycle’ on September 23rd 2015].  It is unclear where AI is on the hype curve.  Tech companies are still pretty excited about it and advertising is beginning to claim that all sorts of products are augmented by AI.  Maybe there is a hint of unfulfilled expectations which suggest being on the downward slope towards a trough of disillusionment; however, these analyses can really only be performed retrospectively.  It is clear that we can create algorithms capable of artificial generative intelligence which can accomplish levels of creativity similar to a human in a specific task.  However, we cannot create artificial general intelligence that can perform like a human across a wide range of tasks and achieve sentience.  Current artificial intelligence algorithms consume our words, images and decisions to replay them to us.  Shannon Vallor has suggested that AI algorithms are ‘giant mirrors made of code’ and that ‘these mirrors know no more of the lived experience of thinking and feeling than our bedroom mirrors know our inner aches and pains’.  The challenge facing us is that AI will make us lazy and that we will lose the capacity to think and solve new problems creatively.  Instead of making myself a cup of coffee and sitting down to gather my thoughts and dream up a short piece for this blog, I could have put the title into ChatGPT and the task would have been done in about two minutes.  I just did and it told me that imagination is a truly powerful force that fuels creativity, innovation and problem-solving allowing us to envision new possibilities, create stories and invent technologies.  Imagination is the key to unlocking potential and driving progress.  This is remarkably similar to parts of an article in the FT newspaper on November 25, 2023 by Martin Allen Morales titled ‘We need imagination to realise the good, not just stave off the bad’.  What is missing from the ChatGPT version is the recognition that imagination is a human superpower and without it we have no hope of ever achieving anything beyond what already exists.

Sources

Becky Hogge, Through the looking glass, FT Weekend, May 29, 2024.

Martin Allen Morales, We need imagination to realise the good, not just stave off the bad, FT Weekend, November 25, 2023.

Shannon Vallor, The AI Mirror: How to Reclaim our Humanity in an Age of Machine Thinking, OUP, April, 2024.